Everything You Need to Know about Deep Cycle Battery

Before we dive into what is a deep cycle battery, it is first important to understand a few battery basics of what a cycle is, what depth of discharge means, and what it really means to deep discharge a battery.

One full cycle is considered a full discharge and recharge of a battery. What is meant by a full discharge? Discharge is measured by the capacity removed from the battery – the depth of the discharge (DoD) is used to indicate how much of the battery capacity has been used during a single discharge. A full discharge is 100% DoD.

What is a Deep Cycle Battery?

This answer may seem obvious, but a deep cycle battery is a battery that has been designed to continuously handle deep discharges of 80-100% DoD. Does this mean high-rate batteries can’t be used for a deep discharge? Yes and no. One or two deep cycles will not hurt the battery (if maximum discharge and charge rates are strictly adhered to), but this is where the design of the battery matters because a high-rate battery would break down severely over time if it were continuously cycled in a deep manner.

Types of Deep Cycle Battery

In SLA (sealed lead acid) batteries, the electricity is generated in the plates. In high-rate batteries, there are many thin plates to allow for more surface area for quick generation of energy. In deep cycle batteries, the plates are thicker than those inside a high-rate battery because the energy-inducing chemical reaction goes into the plate and therefore needs to be thick to be able to handle the reaction. If the plates were thin, like they are in high-rate and starter batteries, the lead plates would degrade very quickly and would not hold up to multiple deep discharges over time.

Two subcategories of deep cycle SLA batteries would be deep cycle gel and AGM (absorbent glass mat) deep cycle. Gel batteries use a substance that turns the electrolyte acid inside the battery into a thick gel, therefore making it non-spillable. The gel is better at heat distribution and off-gassing than the AGM, and therefore has better performance throughout its life. In AGM batteries, a glass mat is placed between the negative and positive plates to keep the electrolyte in place. The mat is what makes the battery non-spillable and optimizes the surface area of the plates for better electrolyte distribution over conventional batteries.

In a lithium deep cycle battery, energy cells are used. Energy cells are designed to deliver sustained current over a long period of time, making them ideal for use in cyclic and deep cycle applications. In addition to the cell makeup inside a lithium battery, the circuitry also matters as the protections may set limits to how much current can be drawn from the battery. Different lithium batteries will have different levels of protection, so make sure to check the technical documentation and specifications for further information.

As well as different types of chemistries, deep cycle batteries can come in variety of voltages and capacities, most popular voltages being 12V deep cycle batteries and 24V deep cycle batteries.

Deep Cycle Battery Applications

Before selecting a battery​, you will need to have a clear idea of what needs to be powered, for how long, how often, and how much power it needs. In general, deep cycle batteries are cyclic applications where the user tells the battery when it needs to be used.

For example, a medical cart used in a hospital will be away from an electrical outlet and need battery power for the entire time it is unplugged. In this instance, the nurse or doctor tells the battery when it will be used by turning on the medical cart. It will be used every single day for many hours each day. The battery needs to provide consistent power for a long amount of time, meaning this is a deep discharge use and therefore needs a deep cycle battery.

Another example of a deep cycle battery is the battery inside your cell phone. This battery, depending on age, is designed to last all day on a single charge and to be used every day. You tell the battery when it is time to be used by turning on the phone or unplugging it from the charger. If you’re like most users, you wait to plug your phone back in until it is completely dead – the DOD is 100%/SOC is 0%. You expect this battery to provide consistent power all day long, so a deep cycle battery must be used.

There are many other applications that utilize deep cycle battery technology and these include marine, leisure (including RV batteries), mobility scooters, all types of electric vehicles and solar applications.

To differentiate, high-rate batteries are typically used in back-up or emergency-use type applications. This would be an application where a battery is sitting in an elevator waiting to provide back-up power in the event of a power failure. This battery will need to deliver a large amount of energy very quickly in emergency situations. These batteries may even need to be replaced before they are ever used. Think of a high-rate battery as your power’s insurance policy, delivering a lot of power all at once in emergency situations, whereas a deep cycle battery is going to be your work horse that delivers consistent power very frequently – as often as a full discharge cycle daily.

Advantages and disadvantages of Vacuum Circuit Breaker

A circuit breaker is a switching device that can be operated manually or automatically for controlling and protecting the electrical power system. Vacuum Circuit Breakers use vacuum as the interrupting medium due to its high dielectric and diffusive properties. Read this new blog in Linquip to know more about this type of circuit breaker and Its applications.

What is Vacuum Circuit Breakers?

Vacuum circuit breakers are compactly designed for safe operation, high reliability, and easy maintenance, and find a use for various types of high voltage circuits. They interrupt an electric circuit to prevent unwarranted current, caused by a short-circuit, typically resulting from an overload.

There are mainly five types of circuit breakers, generally used as protective equipment of high voltage system:

1. Oil Circuit breaker (OCB)

2. Minimum Oil Circuit breaker (MOCB)

3. Vacuum Circuit Breaker (VCB)

4. SF6 Circuit Breaker

5. Air Circuit Breaker (ACB)

Vacuum Circuit Breaker Operation

It is an electrically operated switch. There is no overcurrent devices built-in. The overcurrent protection and control comes from using the current transformer (CT) and protective relays that are mounted in the switchgear assembly. Power supplies from a control source, batteries, or control power transformer external to the breaker assembly.

When a fault occurs in the system, the contacts of the breaker are moved apart, and hence the arc is developed between them. When the current-carrying contacts are pulled apart, the temperature of their connecting parts is very high due to which ionization occurs. As a result of ionization, the contact space which is discharged from the contact material is filled with a vapor of positive ions.

The density of vapor depends on the current in the arcing. Due to the decreasing mode of current wave rate of release of vapor fall, and after the current zero, the medium regains its dielectric power provided vapor density around the contacts reduced. Hence, the arc does not restrike again because the metal vapor is quickly removed from the contact zone.

Advantages of Vacuum Circuit Breaker

Since the advent of vacuum circuit breakers in the early 1960s, the technical parameters of vacuum circuit breakers have been continuously improved, with excellent performance and outstanding performance. The advantages developed fast, and the application in high-voltage switch cabinets has become more and more extensive.

• It has a small operating mechanism, small size, and lightweight.

• The control power is small, and the action noise is low during switch operation.

• The contact head classifies into a completely sealed structure, and its performance is not going to decline by the influence of moisture, dust, harmful gases, etc. Reliable work, stable on-off performance.

• The ring will not age or need to be replaced. Within the service life, the contact part does not need to be repaired or inspected. Generally, it can be up to about 20 years without inspection. The maintenance workload is small, and the maintenance cost is low, only about 1/20 of the oil-less circuit breaker.

• With multiple reclosing functions, it is suitable for the application requirements of the distribution network.

• The contact gap is little, generally about 10mm, the closing power is low, the mechanism is simple, and the service life is long.

• The arc extinguishing time is short, the arc voltage is low, the arc energy is small, the contact loss is small, and the number of breaking times is numerous.

• The inertia of the movable guide rod is small and can be used frequently.

Disadvantages of Vacuum Circuit Breakers

• The main disadvantage is that it is uneconomical at voltages exceeding 38 KVolt. The cost of the breaker becomes excessive at higher voltages. Besides, production in small quantities is uneconomical.

•  The one-time investment price of the product is relatively high, which is mainly determined by the professional production of the vacuum interrupter and the requirements of institutional reliability. If you consider the operation and maintenance costs comprehensively, the price is not high.

• When the inductive load or capacitive load is disconnected, it is easy to cause over-voltage due to current interception, justification, reignition, etc., and don’t forget to adopt corresponding over-voltage protection. 

• Since the contact structure of vacuum circuit breakers adopts the butt connection type, and the operating mechanism uses a spring, it is easy to produce closing bounce and opening rebound. Closing bounce will not only end to high over voltages that affect the stable operation of the power grid but also cause contact burn-out or even welding when the capacitor bank generates inrush current and short-circuit closing. Opening bounce will reduce the distance between the contacts after the arc, leading to a breakdown, and the consequences are so significant.

More details please contact Bokong Electric

Surge Arrester vs Lightning Arrester: Which One to Choose

 

 

Different terms used for arresters are sometimes confusing even professional engineers and electricians use them interchangeably. Now let’s discuss all these arresters in details.

 

Table of Contents

 

What is a Surge Arrester?

What is a Lightning Arrester?

Main Differences between Surge Arrester and Lightning Arrester

Should You Use Surge Arresters or Lightning Arresters?

 

Surge Arrester

 

1. The surge arrester will be installed nearer to the equipment to be protected and the transmission tower line enter in to the substation point.

2. It protects against high voltage transient (example: lightning strike on the transmission conductor) typically, it is indirect protection of lightning strikes.

3. It should be installed each phase of the circuit. i.e if you have 2 parallel switch yard then you should install 6 number of surge arrester (first run 3 phase and second run 3 phase) .

Lightning arresters

 

1. The lighting arrester is doing the exact duty of surge arrester from outside of the conductor.

2. The lightning arrester does not have any contact with the power line conductor.

3.They will be installed in the transmission tower.

4. They are attached with the insulator or separately placed nearer to the conductor and the end terminal is connected with the ground.

 

What Is a Surge Arrester?

 

A surge arrester is a voltage limiting device installed in the panel of the installed equipment, which not only protects the insulation, equipment and machinery from lightning strikes, but also protects against transient voltages generated by switches, sparks, load shading and other electrical faults such as earth faults.

 

Typically, they are installed inside pad-mounted transformers, on household circuit breakers, on substations and pole-mounted riser poles. The standards for these arresters are defined by IEC standard 60099-4 and IEEE standard C62.11. Surge arresters have different types of application, from protecting homes to public substations.

 

Surge arrester participate inside of the power line. Which means the surge arrester will be installed in the transmission line, the total power system phase voltage is directly applied across the surge arrester.

 

What is a lightning arrester?

 

Due to lightning, voltage surges are generated in different ways. Circuits that are protected from lightning strokes with the help of specific equipment are called lightning arresters.

 

It is used to protect electrical systems by redirecting high voltage surges to ground. Although an earth or earth wire can also protect overhead lines and power systems from direct lightning strikes, it may not prevent the traveling waves from reaching terminally connected equipment and devices. For this reason, surge diverters or lightning arresters are used to protect the power system from surges generated by faults or lightning stokes.

 

Lightning arresters are installed at the peak height of structures, i.e. transmission poles, pylons and buildings, to provide a safe path for the discharge currents and voltages to earth caused by lightning strokes to protect the system from problems caused by lightning stokes.

 

 

Main Differences between Surge Arrester and Lightning Arrester

 

• Surge arrester installed inside the panel board while lightning arrester are installed outside.

• Surge arrester protects the installation from inside while lightning arrester protects the equipment from outside.

• Surge arrester protects the system from lightning, switching, electrical faults and other transients voltage and surges while lightning arrester are mainly used for lightning strikes and associated surges.

• Surge arrester intercepts the surges and send the extra unwanted energy to the ground wire while lightning arrester divert the energy flow to the ground through the arrester to the ground.

• Surge arrester can be used as a lighting arrester while lighting arrester can’t be used as a surge arrester.

 

Should you use a lightning arrester or a surge arrester?

 

Firstly, both tools can protect your home. However, it depends on what protection you need.

 

In short, the decision to choose one or the other varies depending on the type of protection you need. The aim of both is to protect your home. Because both tools tend to protect your home, either one of them should work effectively.

 

In most cases, homeowners can choose either one as protection. However, one should consider the particular aspect they are trying to protect. Rest assured that any one of these tools will provide the correct protection needed for the electrical appliances in your home.

 

With years of dedicated research and professional experience in domestic and foreign markets, SAA Grid Technology Co., Ltd. has pursued excellence and made continuous progress. We have become the backbone supplier of State Grid and China Southern Power Grid, as well as qualified suppliers and OEM/ODM manufacturers of Brazil Power Grid, South Africa Power Grid, and Switzerland ABB., Germany SIEMENS, American LAPP, HUBBELL and other internationally renowned power grid and power companies.

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Guide before choosing SLM for metal 3D printing

 What is selective laser melting in 3D printing?

Selective laser melting (SLM) is a special 3D printing technique that uses a high power density laser to fully melt and fuse metal powders to produce near full density (up to 99.9% relative density) near net shape parts.

Processing Craft

The technology SLM is short for selective laser melting, which the rapid prototyping technology for the metal powder. SLM can directly form the metal parts which is close to fully dense, and needn’t binders. Hence, this technology is also called direct metal laser sintering, or DMLS for short. The accuracy and mechanical properties of prototypes which made by SLM is better than SLS, so it’s becoming more and more popular in 3D printing.

How the SLM process work？

SLM technology need make the metal powder melted completely, and form the metal parts directly, hence the high-power laser is required. Before the high-power laser beam start scanning, the horizontal powder roller need spread the metal powder on the substrate of the processing room first. Then the laser beam selectively melt the powder on the substrate according to the contour information of the current layer, and get the parts contour of the current layer machined. After that, the lifting system will fall a distance with one layer thickness. The powder spreading roller will re-spread the metal powder on the processed layer, and the equipment will come into the process of the next layer. Every layer are processed like this til the whole parts are completed. To prevent the metal reacting with other gases at high temperatures, the entire machining process need be carried out in a vacuum or gas-protected processing chamber.

What’s the advantage of SLM?

The laser beam of SLM technology can melt the metal powder quickly and gain continuous melting path. Which can instantly obtain almost dense metal parts with high precision, completely metallurgy structure and almost arbitrary shape. The metal density of SLM standard is over 99%, which has great mechanical properties and can be compared with traditional process. Besides, the parts processed by SLM can be welded if necessary. The type of available material will also keep increasing. More advantages of SLM are listed below.

1.Direct Metal Laser Sintering. The metal parts can be made out by SLM directly, and no more mid-process. The function parts with complex shape can also be made out directly.

2.High Quality Laser Beam. SLM has great laser beam quality, which embrace micro focused spot, and it can directly produce function parts with high precision and good roughness surface.

3.Totally melting. All Metal powder will be totally melted. The direct-made metal function parts own metallurgy structure, high density and great mechanical properties, and needn’t post-treatment.

4.Multiple available material. The row material of powder can be single material or multi component material, and doesn’t need be specially formulated.

5.Low-batch friendly. Suit for the machining of function parts, especially for the single parts or low-batch production.

What’s the limitation of SLM technology?

At present, there are many limitation on SLM technology.

The limitation of SLM can be divided by powder spreading defect and print processing defect. For example, there are some irregular powder layers in the powder spreading defect. Regarding to the defect of print processing, there are splashing, balling, pores, poor surface quality, cracks, geometric deformation, etc.

1.Balling

Spheroidization or balling is a unique metallurgical defect in the manufacturing process of the metal-based powder bed. Spheroidization occurs when the liquid metal solidifies into a spherical shape under the action of surface tension. Both high and low energy density of the laser beam can cause this phenomenon. If the energy is too low, the metal powder will not completely melt and cause spheroidization. If the energy is too high, the liquid metal will splash on the unmelted metal powder to form spheroidization. Spheroidization will affect the powder spreading quality of the next layer, the surface quality of the components, and also lead to defects such as poor fusion and slag inclusion. Further, spheroidization will reduce the tensile strength and fatigue resistance of the component. An effective means to reduce and avoid spheroidization requires optimizing the printing process and finding the best combination of parameters.

2.Pores

Porosity is the most important defect type of SLM components, and it is one of the defects that have the greatest impact on the mechanical properties of SLM components. It is also one of the focuses of industry and academia. In the SLM process, the rapid melting and solidification of the material and the violent fluctuation of the molten pool will cause the generation of pores. The size, number, morphology and position of the pores have an important influence on the mechanical properties of the component. A higher porosity will shorten the fatigue life of the molded part. The pores close to the surface have a greater impact on the fatigue performance of the molded part than other positions.  According to the formation mechanism of pores, it can be divided into pores related to raw materials and pores caused by laser action.

The generation process of pores is very complicated and closely related to process parameters. Reasonable printing process and uninterrupted process optimization for the frequency of material use are still important conditions to avoid the occurrence of pores.

3.Geometric Deformation

In the SLM process, geometric defects of different degrees will be formed due to the geometric features, heat accumulation, stress concentration and other reasons of the components. The lighter degree may cause deformation, resulting in dimensional errors, severely leading to incomplete structure, and even failure of the processing process.

The geometric accuracy of SLM components will affect the assembly and performance of the components. Studies have found that different scanning methods will have an important impact on the temperature field, which will affect the residual stress distribution and the geometric deformation of the component; the laser spot, power and scanning speed will affect the dimensional accuracy and surface quality, and improve the component The geometric accuracy will greatly promote the industrial application of SLM technology.

Conclusion

The main defects of SLM process are balling, warping deformation and pores. And the mechanical properties of SLM parts are not as good as CNC machined metal parts. At the same time, the process speed is very slow, and the price is also expensive. The precision and surface quality are limited too. 

Application area

At present, the SLM technology is mainly used in industry area, and has remarkable technical advantage in complex mould, personalized medical parts, aerospace and automotive etc.

1. Aerospace

The processing time of traditional aerospace component is very long, and up to 95% (volume fraction) of expensive materials need to be removed during the milling process. Using the SLM method to form aviation metal parts can save costs and improve production efficiency greatly. Ti-6Al-4V (Ti64) has the characteristics of low density, high strength, good workability, excellent mechanical properties, and good corrosion resistance. It is one of the most widely used materials in aerospace parts.

2. Biomedical field

SLM technology has become more and more widely used in the medical industry. Gradually, SLM is used in the manufacture of orthopedic implants, customized prostheses and prostheses, personalized customized orthodontic brackets and dental restorations. For example, the 316L stainless steel spine surgical guide can be formed by SLM technology. A personalized knee prosthesis  can be made by SLM molding.

The traditional manufacturing process of cardiovascular stents is based on the production of microtubes and laser micro-cutting. Now, SLM technology can be used to form cobalt-chromium alloy cardiovascular stents. For example, the Ti-6Al-4V artificial acetabular shell is formed by SLM technology, and the forming effect of the prosthetic acetabular shell is improved by analyzing and optimizing the process parameters in the SLM process.

3. Mold Industry

The application of SLM technology in the mold industry mainly includes forming stamping dies, forging dies, casting dies, extrusion dies, wire drawing dies and powder metallurgy dies. For example, Armillotta and others have used SLM technology to form a die-casting mold with conformal cooling channels. The experimental results show that the existence of conformal cooling reduces the number of spray cooling, and increases the cooling rate. At the same time, the cooling effect is more uniform, the quality of the casting surface is improved, the cycle time is shortened and the shrinkage phenomenon is avoided.

The source is from here.
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The Benefits of Wearing A Wetsuit

Everyone knows they keep you warm, but the benefits of wearing a wetsuit go far beyond temperature. When you think of wetsuits, the first thing that comes to mind is probably the need to stay warm while swimming in cold water. After all, that's why they were invented. The average wetsuit is designed to keep you warm while submerged in water that can range from 50 to 70 degrees, depending on the style and thickness. But in reality, wetsuits have many other benefits that are easily overlooked.

 

Benefits of Wearing a Wetsuit for Inner Peace

One of the benefits of wetsuits is that they can actually relieve stress and help you perform better. Knowing that your body will remain at a very comfortable temperature allows you to focus more on your actual performance rather than how you feel during that performance. Emphasizing physical comfort and temperature can make it harder to feel excited about the activity you are about to perform. Wetsuits can solve this problem, especially if you find the perfect wetsuit for you.

 

In addition, by understanding all the other benefits of a wetsuit besides keeping you warm, you will feel safer every time you jump into the water. This is why you see people swimming in wetsuits when the water is not yet cold. So, what are the benefits of these wetsuits?

 

Buoyancy

A huge benefit of wearing a wetsuit is that it makes it easier for you to float. The natural buoyancy of neoprene allows you to sit higher in the water than you would without a wetsuit. This means less drag and easier swimming. This applies mostly to triathletes looking for any competitive edge to save time. This is why you often see swimmers wearing wetsuits in warm water. Their wetsuit helps athletes save extra energy during the swim portion of the race that they can expel during the rest of the race.

 

Speed

Another benefit of wetsuits comes from the outer coating or "skin" that is used to cover the outside of the wetsuit. They are used to repel water, which means you can actually swim faster and glide through the water more easily. The outer coating is called "Super Composite Skin" or SCS, and this technological advancement really extends the limits of the capabilities of today's wetsuits. Some scientists say that SCS on wetsuits can reduce drag in the water by about 15 percent. Some professional swimmers also claim that the right wetsuit can reduce time by 5% to 10%, depending on the distance swum. *Please note that this type of skin is only found in triathlon or open water swimming specific wetsuits, not general water sports wetsuits.

 

Confidence

Knowing that you have the extra buoyancy and speed to help is one of the great benefits of a wetsuit. But now, these benefits offer you the added benefit of confidence. Having a great fitting wetsuit that keeps you warm and helps you swim easier and faster can help you push yourself as an athlete and possibly do some swimming outside of your comfort zone. These are the things that athletes need to get better at, and if a wetsuit can provide that, then I recommend taking full advantage of it.

 

Compression

A wetsuit works by holding a thin layer of water tightly between your skin and the wetsuit. Your body heat heats the water to 98 degrees and then it keeps you warm. The tighter the suit, the warmer it is. But another benefit of a wetsuit is that when it's very tight, it automatically compresses your muscles and joints, which also allows you to perform better and last longer. A wetsuit feels like running with compression sleeves over your knees. With a wetsuit on, your entire body will feel tighter and ready to perform. The benefits of this wetsuit will also help you work harder as a swimmer or surfer, which will ultimately allow you to perform better in this sport.

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How Do I Choose the Right PPGI Steel Coil?

Prepainted galvanized steel coil is a kind of colour coated steel coil (PPGI coil). It uses galvanised steel as the base metal. The zinc layer is highly resistant to corrosion. Together with the coating, it is more durable than galvanised steel. The metal coated steel then undergoes a number of cleaning procedures, pre-treatment solutions and finally a multi-layer organic coating including laminates, vinyl dispersions and paint. This continuous technique of applying different coatings is known as coil coating. As a result, the steel coil is used in the finished product without the need for painting or finishing.

 

PrePainted Galvanized Steel Coil (PPGI) and Pre-Painted Galvalume Steel Coil (PPGL) is a kind of building materials, with galvanized sheet and aluzinc sheet as the substrate, after pretreatment (degrease and chemical treatment) and liquid dope with several layers of color, then firing and cooling, finally the palte steel is called pre-painted galvanized steel coil (PPGI) or pre-painted galvalume steel coil(PPGL).

 

Color Coated Steel Coils

Galvanised steel coils are used in a wide range of different areas and applications. You can find it in metal roofing panels, microwave ovens, automotive trim panels, telecoms cables and much more.

 

It is also used in construction, home appliances, transportation, windows, doors, refrigerators and so on. It can also be further processed for other use as colour coated coil/sheet substrate, steel strip substrate and so on.

 

Benefits of galvanised steel coils

 

1. Cost

Firstly, the overall cost of galvanising is low compared to other coatings. In addition, galvanised steel coils are ready for use on delivery. It does not require additional surface preparation, inspection, painting or coating.

 

2. Durability and reliability

Galvanised steel is usually made from hot-rolled or cold-rolled steel coils as a base material. The steel is strong and the galvanised coating is robust and durable.

 

Color Coated Steel Coils

3. Corrosion and rust protection

The main benefit of galvanised steel coil is its corrosion and rust protection properties. The iron in steel is a highly reactive chemical that tends to rust. However, the addition of zinc acts as a protective buffer between the steel and moisture or oxygen. The zinc coating thus acts as a barrier against external attack and will sacrifice itself to protect the steel beneath.

 

4. Life expectancy

After galvanising, GI coils have a life expectancy in the working environment of well over 50 years, and can last for over 20 years in severe water exposure situations.

 

5. Full protection

every inch of the galvanised steel coil is protected against damage, including grooves, sharp edges and hard-to-reach areas.

 

6. Easy to inspect

The product's simple construction design makes it easy to assess with the naked eye and allows for simple non-destructive thickness measurement methods.

Color Coated Steel Coils

How do I choose the right PPGI steel coil?

With its excellent properties, PPGI steel is widely used in construction, household appliances and light industry. Due to its different applications and environments, special attention should be paid to the selection of the right PPGI steel coils. the sales staff of Xinnorda Steel Supply, with their professional knowledge and experience in communicating with customers, summarise four aspects.

 

1. Coating hardness: Coating hardness refers to the ability of the plating to resist scratch, friction, crash or other mechanical action, and PPGI steel coil scratch resistance, wear resistance is closely related. Mainly through the use, processing methods, storage conditions and other options.

 

2. Coating thickness: The thickness has intimate connection with the corrosion resistance of ppgi steel coil, and the corrosion resistance usually improve with the increase of coating thickness. The coating thickness should be confirmed by the environmental corrosiveness, service life and durability.

 

3. Coating colour difference: There will possible to occur color difference during the produce and use process of ppgi steel coil. The color difference is influenced by the production organization, color, use time, use environment and other factors.

 

4. Coating gloss: Gloss mainly choose based on the use and use habits. For example, the building-use ppgi steel coil always choose middle or low gloss, and household appliance ppgi steel coil always choose high gloss.

 

5. Coating gloss: gloss is mainly based on the use and use habits to choose. For example, PPGI steel coils for construction are always selected for medium or low gloss, and PPGI steel coils for household appliances are always selected for high gloss.

 

For more information,you can click here.

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How To Build A Gabion Retaining Wall?

The limits of height you can build a gabion rock retaining is really only limited to your needs. Gabion baskets can be used to divide or step gardens by as little as 300mm or can be used to build a side of a house. It all comes down to stability and above a certain height, engineering approval. Find out more detail on considerations of how high you can build a retaining wall here.

 

Here are 4 common approaches to think about when determining the height of your rock retaining wall:

1. Add additional baskets to increase the depth of the wall.  

This increases the surface area of the base of the wall on the ground which reduces the opportunity for the wall to sway or collapse. The recommended ratio is 2 baskets high to every 1 basket deep.

Gabion Basket

2. Install support posts. 

Support posts help add stability to your wall to also reduce the risk of collapse. They need to be strong enough to properly support the gabions and should be secured in a concrete slab underneath the basket wall. The stabilizers can be threaded through the openings in the baskets to create rigidity by interlocking the baskets together. The recommended spacing between the support posts is 1m.

 

3. Step your wall.  

Stepping your retaining wall will add stability and have provided a stepped look rather than a flush look for your wall. Gabion walls with a stepped front face shall have a minimum 150 mm horizontal setback for each 500 mm vertical lift.

 

4. Slope your wall.  

Sloping your wall back into the incline of the hill will help add stability to the wall. The recommended incline is between 6 and 10 degrees. Compacting of soil under the base will be required. This is not recommended for retaining walls greater than 5m in height.

 Gabion Wall

Increased customization

Here's a good example: Say you wanted to build a achieve a 2m long gabion rock wall that is 300mm deep and 500mm high. Rather than trying to achieve this with one large basket, we can use a combination of different standard panel sizes as follows:

 

4 off 1000x500mm panels (acting as the front and back facing panels)

4 off 1000x300mm panels (acting as the bottom and top facing panels)

3 off 500x300mm panels (acting as the 2 end panels and 1 center panel)

Rather than try and handle one 2m monster basket, you can build this in situ one panel at a time. Notice how the 1 off 500x300mm panel is used as a central panel? This means that this setup is more cost-effective than buying 2 individual baskets butted up together because one end panel is now redundant. It also ties all the other panels together nicely with the spiral winder (not shown).

 

Reducing gabion bulging

Smaller gabion baskets installed on top of one another allow for center support that runs horizontally through the middle of your retaining wall. This ensures your rock filling stays consistent throughout the basket, preventing bellowing. Over time, rock filling cannot slowly sink deeper into the basket causing bellowing due to the weight and pressure of the rock. The larger the basket, the more likely bellowing is to happen because the less wire mesh is available to support it. Such an effect will eventually destroy the shape of the wall and its functionality.

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