Type of Drilling rigs used in Oil and gas industry

 The supply chain in the oil and gas industry is divided into three major segments – Upstream, midstream, and downstream. From the various activities conducted, drilling is a significant activity. Drilling activities are efficiently carried out using drilling rigs. A Drilling Rig is an equipment used to create holes or wells in the earth’s surface. 

Drilling rigs are selected based on the requirements of the drill site. Rigs are generally categorized as onshore(land) and offshore(marine). You must know this topic in detail as it is an integral part of the oil and gas training courses online.

Onshore drilling rigs are structures made up of prefabricated sections that can be displaced onto the location by truck, barge, helicopter, etc.

Here, we will discuss the offshore drilling rigs used for the extraction of oil. This is a crucial topic in oil and gas courses for mechanical engineers.

Type of Drilling rigs – Offshore

Offshore drilling rigs are divided into two types- Fixed and Floating structure types.

Now, let’s discuss them one by one.

Jack up rig 

A jack-up rig is a type of mobile platform and is used for shallow and smaller offshore deposits. The rig’s floating platform is towed into position using flatboats or barges; then, eventually, its support legs are lowered down to the seafloor, thereby raising the rig above the water’s surface.

Barge Rig

They are floating offshore drilling vessels, and the drilling equipment is on the barge. It is generally drawn to the location and then has its hull filled with water. This type of rig is only used where the area is swampy and shallow. This type of rig is used for drilling where the water depth is less than 12ft.

Submersible rig

This is another offshore floating drilling unit that has columns and pontoons. Once on the desired location, this structure is slowly flooded until it rests on the seafloor. This flooding will lead to the submergence of the pontoons to a predetermined depth. Once the well is drilled thoroughly, the water is pumped out of the buoyancy tanks, and the vessel is refloated and towed to the following location.

 Semi-Submersible Rig

They are the most common type of offshore drilling rigs for sale that offer dual advantage of submersible rigs and the ability to drill in deep water. The semi-submersible rig does not rest on the seafloor. This rig has the structure of a floating deck supported by submerged pontoons. This rig is stabilized using a series of anchors and mooring lines and position-keeping propellers in a few cases. Their water-depth operating range is 20ft to 2000ft.

Drillships

Drillships are mainly utilized for extremely deep water (up to 12000 ft) drilling at remote locations. Drillships must maintain their position at the drilling position. This is facilitated by anchors and mooring lines or by computer-controlled dynamic positioning equipment.

Drillships offer better and higher storage capacity than other rigs and allow efficient operation at remote locations.

This is all about the type of drilling rigs used in offshore drilling. To know more about other interesting topics in the online course for piping engineering, contact us.

Why use cylindrical roller bearings?

This is because plain cylindrical bearings have more contact surface area than rolling element bearings, so loads are more evenly distributed across the surface. Cylindrical bearing applications may include applications with either radial or axial loads.

CYLINDRICAL BEARINGS DESIGN, MATERIALS & BENEFITS

Switching from rolling element bearings to cylindrical bearings results in savings from lower parts costs, low-risk assembly and installation, relaxed shaft tolerances and surface finish plus hardness requirements. Cylindrical bearings resist damage from fatigue, shock and edge loads, and they tolerate misalignment better than rolling element bearings. Ultimately, customers will experience savings from lower maintenance costs and extended equipment life.

NICER bearings have straight outside and inside diameters and are flush inside the housing. Due to their simple construction, cylindrical bearings are easy to install with a simple press fitting, reducing potential installation damage. They are slim, which saves space and weight, and cylindrical bearing sizes vary according to their use and client needs.

NICER offers many shapes, sizes and materials of cylindrical bearings, including:

• Metals and Bimetals,

• Metal-Polymers,

• Engineered Plastics,

• Fiber Reinforced Composites and more.

WHAT ARE CYLINDRICAL BEARINGS USED FOR?

Cylindrical bearings are extremely versatile and may be used for many applications. Common bearing uses include:

• Agricultural Equipment

• Air Conditioning Compressors

• Pumps

• Engine Rocker Arms

• Gearboxes and Transmission Systems

• Kingpins

• Road Sweepers

• Steering Systems

• Throttle Butterfly Valves

• Wind Turbines

The difference between HEPA and PCO filters

The importance of the filter

If we talk about an air purifier, the most important element to analyze is certainly the filter, which is the place where the real purification process takes place, where pollutants present in the airflow are removed.

Therefore, one of the points to be taken into consideration to judge the performance of an air purifier is the filter's ability to be effective in the purification process.

But what are actually the alternatives that a consumer can rely on? What are the differences between the various purifiers? Are there any technologies that are different from each other? What is the best choice? Let's find out together!

Best solutions 

Dominating the air purifiers market are two major companies, which are often combined despite being very different from each other: HEPA and PCO technologies. They differ greatly in:

• capacity for purification

• mode of purification

• filter life

• costs

• environmental sustainability

Even though they are of a totally different nature, it is right to compare these two types of purification to fully understand which choice belongs to your needs.

HEPA and PCO technologies are the best choices on the market in the world of air purification and both have their pros and cons. But there are substantial differences that it is good to bring out, to give people more awareness about their functioning and how they are used in the long term. In fact, once bought, it is difficult for a person to give up having healthy and clean air after noting the benefits for their health.

The goal for Vitesy is to help people discover the benefits of air purification, giving awareness on this particularly sensitive issue for our health. And there is no better way than to clarify the final purchase choice, showing what are the critical issues and salient points of the purification process and indicating what for us is the best choice in terms of purification efficiency, energy consumption, long-term cost, but above all sustainability, the backbone on which our company mission is based.

The HEPA filter 

The HEPA (High-Efficiency Particulate Air) filter is the best known and most used type of filter on the market, as it guarantees excellent performance in terms of purification and flow rate.

HEPA technology purifies the air thanks to the mechanical blocking of pollutants in its narrow mesh; in this way the air that passes beyond the filter is renewed since the pollutants have been "captured" by the thick layers of the filter, which certainly makes it an efficient and functional technology for different purposes and needs.

However, there are some criticalities and problems related to its functioning that cannot be ignored, because this technology should be analyzed only partially.

Why is PCO so well known and appreciated?

PCO is an innovative air purification method that does not block pollutants such as HEPA filters, but eliminates them thanks to a particular chemical reaction, transforming them into harmless substances such as carbon dioxide (CO2) and water. So this transformation process makes the PCO filter more incisive than HEPA filters, which do not decompose harmful substances but only block them. This is why both our products Natede Smart and Eteria have a photocatalytic filter inside.

Another fundamental feature is that the filter does not need to be changed because, as there is no blocking of pollutants or materials to replace, the filter is perennial and doesn’t require maintenance or the purchase of additional materials. In fact, the catalyst during the chemical reaction that takes place on the filter is not consumed, thus making the coating durable over time. This undoubtedly implies significant economic savings and full respect for sustainability.

Uses and Advantages of PTFE Coated Fiberglass Fabric

Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE ) is a fluoropolymer that has a large number of industrial applications due to its many properties. One brand name for PTFE is Teflon®, which is known for its non-stick and heat resistant properties.

The properties that make PTFE or polytetrafluoroethylene so useful include

low friction

inert

Self-cleaning

Durable

Effective over a wide range of temperatures

Non-flammable

Corrosion resistant

High resistance

Its properties mean that what we often call the non-stick coating of cookware is particularly important for its inertness and heat resistance.

 

PTFE was discovered by accident in 1938 by a DuPont engineer working in refrigeration. That happy accident led to the birth of an industry.

 

PTFE-coated fibreglass fabrics or PTFE sheets, made from PTFE (polytetrafluoroethylene) coated glass fibres are mainly used in packaging and sealing devices to prevent foils from sticking to strips and sealing jaws.

 

In addition, PTFE-coated fibreglass fabric is used as a sliding material while moving products horizontally on tables, production lines, etc. In vertical packaging machines, PTFE-coated fibreglass fabrics are used to adhere to tubes where products are dropped. PTFE-coated fibreglass fabrics are also used as a sliding material in internal transport machines, pallets and product receivers, and conveyor belts.

 

Polytetrafluoroethylene or PTFE (polytetrafluoroethylene) is commonly known by its parameters, including high temperature resistance, as an insulating material for sealing jaws in sealing machines.

 

Fibreglass fibre fabrics with a low PTFE content are called PTFE-coated fibreglass porous fabrics. They are used to obtain so-called textures in welding, or embossed woven glass fibre foils. The PTFE content of about 30% of PTFE-coated glass fibre porous is sufficient to use them as anti-stick protection and to provide a nice seam-textured grille.

 

Uses of PTFE fibreglass cloth.

As insulation for heating elements, e.g. sealing strips in sealing machines

as consumables in sealing machines, packaging machines and conveyors

As a lubricant to prevent adhesion to sticky surfaces

In activities where anti-adhesion is required or where non-adhesive surfaces are used

For more information about the types of fiberglass fabrics and their applications, welcome to contact us.

How to choose the right bearing

 Like plain bearings, rolling bearings reduce friction on a rotating guideway between two components. There are different types of bearings depending on the direction of the force, axial or radial. Bearings consist of rolling elements, usually balls, cylindrical rollers, tapered rollers or needle rollers.

A bearing is a mechanical component whose function is to guide a rotating assembly. Thus, bearings allow one component to rotate relative to another. Bearings are high-precision components that allow equipment to move horizontally at different speeds by efficiently transporting and loading them. A bearing must have high precision and durability, and be able to operate at high speeds with minimal noise and vibration. This type of equipment is used in many projects, such as the automotive industry, aerospace, construction equipment, machine tools, etc. There are many types of bearings, the four main types are: ball bearings, cylindrical roller bearings, tapered roller bearings and needle roller bearings. While ball bearings are the most common device, each type has its own advantages and disadvantages. That's why we recommend that you compare each bearing type to determine which bearing system is best for you.

How to choose bearings?

When selecting a bearing, you must consider several important factors. The first factor to consider is the load the bearing can handle. There are two types of loads:

- Axial load : Parallel to the axis of rotation

- Radial load : perpendicular to the axis

Each bearing is specially designed to support axial or radial loads. Some bearings can accommodate both types of loads at the same time: we call them combined loads. For example, if your bearing must carry combined loads, we recommend that you choose a tapered roller bearing. If you need a bearing that can withstand high radial loads, we recommend cylindrical roller bearings. On the other hand, if your bearings need to support lighter loads, ball bearings may suffice as they are usually less expensive.

Spin speed is another factor to consider. Some bearings can withstand higher speeds. Therefore, cylindrical roller bearings and needle roller bearings with cages have higher speeds than bearings without cages. However, sometimes higher speeds come at the expense of payload.

You also need to account for possible misalignment; some bearings are not suitable for this, such as double row ball bearings. Therefore, attention needs to be paid to the structure of the bearing: embedded bearings and spherical bearings are prone to some misalignment. We recommend that you use self-aligning bearings for adjustment, so that alignment defects caused by shaft bending or installation errors are automatically corrected.

Likewise, operating conditions are also very important when selecting the ideal bearing. Therefore, it is necessary to analyze the working environment when the bearing is in operation. Your bearings can be contaminated in a variety of ways. Some uses may cause noise disturbance, shock and/or vibration. Therefore, your bearings must be able to withstand these shocks without causing inconvenience.

Another fundamental factor to consider is bearing life. Various factors such as speed or repeated use can affect bearing life.

The choice of the sealing system is key to ensure the correct and long-lasting operation of the bearing; therefore, it must be ensured that the bearing is always well protected from any impurities and external factors such as dust, water, corrosive liquids or even used lubricants. The choice depends on the type of lubricant, ambient conditions (and therefore also on the type of contamination), fluid pressure and rotational speed.

To give you a good starting point, fluid pressure is the deciding factor in choosing a seal system. If the pressure is high enough (like in the 2-3 bar range), a mechanical seal is ideal. Otherwise, the choice is directly related to the type of lubricant, grease or oil. For example, for grease lubrication, the most common solutions are: deflectors or gaskets, machined or narrow channels with grooves; in the case of oil lubrication, the sealing system is usually accompanied by grooves for oil recovery.

Conditions of use can also affect your choice, especially when assembling bearings. Consideration must also be given to the rigidity and precision required for the bearing to be used. In some cases, a preload can be applied to the bearing assembly to increase its stiffness. In addition, preload will have a positive impact on bearing life and system noise levels. Note that if you choose preload (radial or axial), you need to know the stiffness of all parts through software or experiment.

In your selection criteria, you must also consider the ideal material for the bearing. Bearings can be made of metal, plastic or ceramic. Bearing material depends on its intended use. We recommend that you choose the most compression resistant bearing. However, the material used affects the price of the bearing.

 

How Do Enteric Capsules Work?

Enteric capsules, also known as extended-release capsules, are uniquely designed to resist the acidic environment of the human stomach during digestion until the next step in the digestive process. Enteric capsules are treated with a material to prevent or minimise dissolution in the stomach, allowing it to dissolve only in the small intestine. This type of preparation either protects the stomach from potentially irritating drugs or protects the drug from being partially degraded in the acidic environment of the stomach. Find out why our capsules are different from other enteric capsules.

 

The history of enteric capsules

Enteric formulations were originally created to control drugs that tasted unpleasant or caused upset stomachs to consumers. If a patient was unable to take a medication without vomiting due to its horrible aftertaste, that patient could not be treated. Early attempts to find a solution to this problem included the use of substances that were not affected by stomach acid, such as fats, waxes and paraffins.

 

How do enteric capsules work?

Enteric capsules work by taking advantage of the different acidic and alkaline pH properties of different parts of the human digestive tract. The overall pH of the body hovers in the neutral range of 7, but different parts of the body have different internal pH levels.

 

The human stomach is acidic, with a pH of 1.5-3.5. This high level of acidity allows your stomach to break down the food you eat for proper digestion.

 

After the stomach, the acidity decreases to an almost neutral level in the duodenum and then increases to a weakly alkaline pH of 7.4 in the small intestine. Capsuline enteric capsules are made from plant-derived HPMC and HPMCP, which are enteric ingredients that only break down at pH 5.5 or higher, allowing the capsules to pass through the acidic environment of the stomach (pH 1.5- 3.5) without dissolving.

 

In other words, this means that they pass through the stomach intact and then dissolve when they reach the alkaline environment of the small intestine about one to two hours after ingestion.

Enteric-Coated Empty Gelatin Capsules​

 

Application

Capsules that successfully pass through the stomach without dissolving have a variety of uses, but are most often used in situations where

 

The stomach lining must be protected from potentially harmful or irritating substances; irritation of the stomach can lead to nausea, vomiting and potential injury.

 

The substance contained in the capsule must reach the lower part of the digestive tract before it can be dissolved to successfully administer the intended contents.

(For example: some drugs used to treat intestinal disorders must reach the intestine before the capsule dissolves; this allows the drug to retain its integrity and potency before reaching the site of treatment.)

 

Benefits of enteric-coated capsules

For some preparations, enteric-coated capsules are the best choice. This is because they.

 

Do not irritate the stomach. Many common drugs, such as aspirin, can irritate the stomach. Because they pass through the stomach intact, enteric capsules avoid this problem.

 

Maintain enzyme activity. Most tablets break down in the acidic environment of the stomach. Unfortunately, depending on the formulation of the product, this acidic environment can also have a negative impact on the required enzyme activity. Enteric capsules protect the enzymes so that they are absorbed at the highest activity level in the small intestine.

Effects of high active dry yeast for feeding on rumen micro-ecosystem

High-activity dry yeast for feed is the use of modern biotechnology and advanced equipment to dry the yeast cells produced on an industrial scale into a product with more than 95% dry matter and less than 5% moisture, and vacuum packaging. When it sees water, it instantly becomes a physiologically active cell, so it is also called instant active dry yeast. High-activity dry yeast for feed is a dormant state of plasmolysis made by low-temperature drying through a special process. It can be quickly resurrected when it encounters water and O2 in the outside world; its resurrection time is very short.

High active dry yeast for feed has the advantages of low water content, quick rejuvenation, long storage time and convenient use. Numerous studies have shown that feeding highly active dry yeast has a positive effect on the activity of ruminant microorganisms in ruminants, as well as the ability to stabilize rumen pH, prevent rumen acidosis, stimulate the growth of fibrous degrading bacteria and enhance their activity.

 1. Stabilizing the rumen microbiota of ruminants

In weaning, grazing, providing high-concentration diets, or under stress conditions such as high temperature and perinatal period, the composition of rumen microorganisms will be affected, which will further affect the feed utilization rate of ruminants, and ultimately affect the production performance of ruminants Therefore, the stability of the rumen micro-ecosystem is crucial to the improvement of rumen function. Active dry yeast can consume oxygen, which is conducive to maintaining an anaerobic environment in the rumen, which is conducive to the reproduction of rumen anaerobic bacteria; at the same time, studies have shown that yeast cells can also stimulate the growth of beneficial microorganisms in the rumen

2. Stabilize rumen pH to prevent acidosis

The rumen environment is neutral and acidic, and its suitable pH value is in the range of 5.8 to 6.5. When the pH value of the rumen drops below 5.8, acidosis will occur, which will lead to decreased food intake of ruminants, decreased nutrient absorption rate, decreased production performance, lameness, decreased fertility, and decreased service life. The growth of active yeast cells in the rumen consumes oxygen and sugar in the rumen. The consumption of sugar limits the food available to lactic acid-producing bacteria and reduces the lactic acid produced by the consumption of sugar by lactic acid-producing bacteria, so it is beneficial to stabilize the Ph in the rumen value. Studies have shown that when yeast is added to the diet, the beneficial microflora is increased by a factor of 10-15, and the consumption of sugar limits the supply of lactic acid-producing bacteria food, so the rumen Ph value is stabilized.

3. Improve rumen fiber degradation ability

Active yeast cells are under stress in the rumen and do not reproduce, but metabolically active yeast cells produce small molecules of proteins and peptides. These small-molecule proteins and peptides stimulate the activity of fiber-digesting bacteria and lactic acid-utilizing bacteria, increase the consumption of acid by stimulating the growth of lactic acid-utilizing bacteria, and prevent the decline of rumen Ph value. Under more stable rumen pH conditions, fiber-digesting bacteria do not enter a temporary dormant state, so that fiber digestion can continue and be more stable.

Under modern feeding methods, the ruminant microbes of ruminants have undergone tremendous changes, and providing exogenous active dry yeast can stabilize the rumen microflora balance and improve the performance and health of ruminants. High-activity dry yeast for feeding is purified and cultivated by experts from the Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences for more than ten years, and after repeated adaptation of the animal, the selected natural yeast strain is approved by the US FDA and the Chinese Ministry of Agriculture for direct feeding. Safe yeast strains for feeding animals. Its product (gastric power) has more than 20 billion viable bacteria per gram, and has the advantages of strong adaptability, high purity and strong activity.

As a green and natural feed additive, high-activity yeast for feed can improve the production performance of ruminants by regulating the rumen microecological balance, and has broad application prospects.

Emergency Lighting Standard Provisions

Emergency lighting is the lighting that automatically comes on when the power supply of normal lighting equipment fails, divided into emergency escape lighting and backup lighting.

Emergency Lighting Standard Regulations

Clearly and unambiguously indicate escape routes.
Provide illumination along such routes to allow safe access to and through the exits provided.
Ensure that fire alarm call points and firefighting equipment provided along escape routes are easily located.
Lighting controls must be provided to allow emergency exit lights to be turned on in the event of loss of normal power.
Depending on the requirements of the new building, lighting controls must be activated by the building fire alarm system if a fire alarm panel is provided.
Lighting controls shall not turn off any lighting upon which the photoluminescent signage relies.
Lighting control devices must also not turn off any lights that are powered by batteries.
Overall, when using energy-efficient nodes, clocks, and sensors, designers must ensure that these devices do not compromise the continuity of the emergency lighting system.
Clocks and lighting control panels must be carefully specified so that circuits do not get stuck in the "off" or on position, as such devices should be specified to create fail-safe "on" or off control conditions in the absence of power.

 

Exit Sign Colors and Illumination

Exit and first aid signs must be white, with green as a contrasting color.
The brightness ratio of white to green must be between 5:1 and 15:1.
The minimum luminance of any 10mm patch area on the sign must be greater than 2cd/m 2 
The ratio of maximum to minimum brightness of the two colors must be less than 10:1. 

Place safety luminaires in key locations for emergency evacuation

Whether used for emergency escape routes or open (panic-proof) areas, each system design must correctly position luminaires to reveal specific hazards and highlight safety equipment and signs.

Please feel free to contact Naian​ if you need.

What Are The Functions of Inverters in Photovoltaic Systems？

 When you invest in your solar power plant, you want to enjoy very low electricity costs.

 

Solar modules that will produce free electricity from the Sun are not enough. Photovoltaic modules produce only direct current in the system, and almost all of the devices in our homes and businesses use alternating current with a voltage of 230/400 V and frequency of 50 Hz. Therefore, you need to have in your system a device that will convert direct current produced by the photovoltaic modules to alternating current, which you will be able to use.

 

This device is an inverter.

 

The main task of the inverter is therefore to convert DC to AC, in line with the grid parameters, regardless of the external conditions and the instantaneous power of solar radiation.

However, the inverters have many other features that can be very useful.

 

Optimisation of the PV system operation

 

An important role of the inverter is to optimise electricity production.

The inverter searches for the maximum operating point of the connected PV modules – this point is called the MPP (maximum power point).

 

A special system or systems of MPPT (Maximum Power Point Tracking) are installed in the inverter, which adjust the current and voltage values so that the maximum electrical power is produced under the given solar radiation conditions (in the diagram, radiation intensities are marked with different colours). The more power you get from the PV system, the higher your profits will be.

 

A well-chosen inverter has a very significant impact on:

 

ㆍreliability and long working life of the photovoltaic system

ㆍefficiency of electricity production

ㆍhassle-free operation of photovoltaic modules

ㆍfaster return on the investment in a solar power plant

Important inverter parameter

 

Inverter efficiency determines how much energy will be converted from DC to AC and how much will be lost (to heat). This information can be found in its data sheet.

Inverters we recommend have efficiency above 96%.

PV system monitoring

 

The photovoltaic inverters have the function of monitoring of the system via a display integrated into the device housing. Most often, the display shows: the power generated by the system at the moment, current and voltage values, and the yield from the last system operating periods.

 

In most of the solutions offered, all you need to do is set up the inverter via Wi-Fi or Ethernet to enjoy access to the data on the operation of your PV system from anywhere in the world.

 

You will then have access to real-time information on the power produced by your power plant and to the energy production graphs at different times.

Moreover, you can receive information about possible errors or system failures.

 

What is especially important – you can easily check all the data you need on your phone, tablet or computer.

 

We are an inverter supplier. If you are interested in our products, please contact us now!

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